Role of Transporter Proteins in Tissue-Specific Drug Distribution and Elimination

Abstract

Transporter proteins play a critical role in determining the tissue-specific distribution and elimination of drugs, significantly influencing their pharmacokinetic profiles and therapeutic efficacy. These membrane-bound proteins, including influx and efflux transporters from major families such as ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transporters, regulate the uptake and efflux of drugs across cellular barriers in various tissues. The differential expression of transporter proteins in organs like the liver, kidney, brain, and intestine contributes to distinct drug distribution patterns and elimination pathways, affecting drug bioavailability, clearance, and toxicity. Understanding the mechanisms by which transporter proteins mediate drug movement is essential for predicting drug interactions, variability in patient response, and optimizing drug design. This article reviews the current knowledge on the role of transporter proteins in tissue-specific drug distribution and elimination, highlighting their clinical significance and potential as therapeutic targets.